The use of Generative AI is permitted as an assistive tool in manuscript preparation and management, provided that it is used responsibly and transparently and does not replace human intellectual responsibility.

Generative AI cannot be considered an author or co-author because it cannot fulfill the responsibilities associated with authorship, including approving the final version of a manuscript, declaring conflicts of interest, taking responsibility for the accuracy and integrity of the work, and being held accountable for breaches of publication ethics.

Full responsibility for the content of the manuscript remains with the authors.

Although Generative AI has significant potential to support authors’ creativity and productivity, its use also entails several risks that must be carefully considered. These include:

1. Inaccuracy and bias: Generative AI tools operate primarily on statistical models rather than factual verification. Consequently, they may generate inaccurate, misleading, or false information—often referred to as hallucinations—and may introduce biases that can be difficult to detect, verify, and correct.
2. Lack of attribution: Generative AI may fail to follow established scholarly practices for accurately and appropriately attributing ideas, quotations, or references.
3. Confidentiality and intellectual property risks: Generative AI tools are often accessed through third-party platforms that may not provide adequate safeguards for confidentiality, data security, or copyright protection.

Authors may use Generative AI or AI-assisted technologies on a limited basis to support manuscript preparation, including:

• improving grammar, spelling, and readability;
• assisting with translation;
• supporting language editing and refinement;
• assisting with the organization or presentation of information; and
• other uses that do not replace the authors’ primary intellectual contribution.

The use of Generative AI to generate or assist with data analysis, code, images, tables, research instruments, literature synthesis, or substantive portions of a manuscript must be undertaken with caution and disclosed transparently whenever such use affects the research process or its findings.

Authors are responsible for reviewing and verifying all Generative AI outputs. Information generated by AI must not be assumed to be accurate without verification against reliable and accountable sources.

Authors are not required to disclose the use of AI-assisted tools in the Acknowledgements section when such tools are used solely for spelling correction or limited word-for-word translation.

Authors must provide an explicit AI Declaration when Generative AI is used to structure arguments, generate draft paragraphs, or develop visualizations.

Any substantive use of Generative AI in manuscript preparation or research must be transparently disclosed in the manuscript.

The disclosure must include, at a minimum:

1. the name and, where applicable, the version of the AI tool used;
2. the purpose for which the AI tool was used;
3. the section or stage of the research or writing process in which AI was used; and
4. a statement confirming that the authors reviewed the AI-generated output and accept responsibility for the content used.

The use of routine tools for spelling, grammar checking, reference formatting, or other editorial functions that do not generate substantive content does not need to be specifically disclosed.

If Generative AI is used as part of the research methodology—for example, for coding, classification, data analysis, or data processing—its use must be adequately described in the Methods section so that the research process can be evaluated and, where possible, replicated.

Generative AI, large language models (LLMs), chatbots, and similar technologies must not be listed as authors or co-authors.

Every individual listed as an author must meet the applicable authorship criteria and be accountable for the integrity of the work as a whole.

Authors may not transfer responsibility for errors, inaccuracies, fabrication, plagiarism, copyright infringement, or other ethical violations to the Generative AI system used.

Authors must verify every reference obtained from or recommended by Generative AI against the original source.

References that cannot be verified, do not exist, contain incorrect bibliographic information, or constitute fabricated or hallucinated references are not permitted.

AI must not be used as a substitute for primary scholarly sources when the relevant information is available in journal articles, books, research reports, regulations, datasets, or other original sources.

AI must not be used to create, fabricate, manipulate, or alter research data in ways that could mislead readers.

The use of Generative AI to generate or modify images, illustrations, synthetic data, or other visual materials that form part of the research data or evidence must be transparently disclosed and must be consistent with the research design and principles of research integrity.

Generative AI must not be used to generate research data that are subsequently presented as if they were empirical data collected from participants, respondents, observations, experiments, or other genuine data sources.

Authors must not enter confidential information, personally identifiable participant data, confidential manuscripts, or restricted research data into publicly accessible Generative AI systems without an appropriate legal basis, consent, or adequate data protection safeguards.

Authors are responsible for ensuring that their use of AI complies with data protection principles, participant consent requirements, intellectual property rights, and applicable research ethics standards.

Manuscripts undergoing peer review are confidential documents. Reviewers must not upload manuscripts, portions of manuscripts, data, images, or other confidential information obtained through the review process to Generative AI services that may store, reuse, or otherwise process such information outside an environment that guarantees confidentiality.

Generative AI must not replace reviewers’ scholarly judgment. Reviewers remain personally responsible for the quality, accuracy, objectivity, and substance of the review recommendations submitted to the editor.

Where Generative AI is used within permitted limits to assist with technical aspects of the review process, such use must remain consistent with the journal’s confidentiality requirements and editorial policies.

Editors must maintain the confidentiality of all manuscripts under consideration. Manuscripts or confidential information concerning authors and reviewers must not be entered into Generative AI systems that do not provide adequate safeguards for confidentiality and data security.

Generative AI may be used for administrative or technical assistance; however, editorial decisions must not be delegated entirely to Generative AI.

Decisions regarding manuscript acceptance, revision, or rejection remain the responsibility of the editors and must be based on scholarly assessment, peer-review reports, the journal’s aims and scope, scientific quality, and editorial policies.

The journal does not use the results of AI-detection tools as the sole basis for determining that a manuscript was generated using AI or that a breach of publication ethics has occurred.

Where there are indications of AI use that may be inconsistent with this policy, the editor will assess the available evidence and may request clarification from the authors before making an editorial decision.

Editorial decisions must ultimately be based on human judgment and the principles of procedural fairness.

Failure to disclose the use of Generative AI when it has substantively influenced the research or manuscript content, fabrication of data or references using AI, manipulation of research findings, breaches of confidentiality, plagiarism, or other forms of AI misuse may constitute violations of publication ethics.

Depending on the nature and severity of the violation, the journal may request clarification or correction, reject the manuscript, discontinue the publication process, or take appropriate post-publication action in accordance with applicable publication ethics guidelines.

Generative AI is an assistive tool and not a substitute for human scholarly responsibility. Authors remain fully responsible for the originality, accuracy, validity, citations, interpretation, and integrity of the entire article.

Editors and reviewers likewise remain responsible for their professional judgments and decisions.

Jurnal Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan may periodically update this policy in response to developments in AI technologies, research integrity standards, and scholarly publication ethics.